Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for Biofuel Bunkering

A. Fuel Specification & Compatibility Verification

1. Ship (Chief Engineer & Master):

   1. a.Confirm Biofuel Specifications: Verify that the biofuel meets the ship’s engine and fuel system requirements, review manufacturer’s service letters, including:

      1. i.Viscosity, density, flashpoint, FAME content, oxidation stability, water content, and Total Acid Number (TAN).
      2. ii. Compliance with FuelEU Maritime Regulation.

   2. b.Review Biofuel Bunker Delivery Note (BDN): Ensure the BDN includes fuel type, grade, quantity, specifications, and certifications.

   3. c. Compatibility Assessment:

      1. i. Material Compatibility: Ensure biofuel is compatible with the ship’s fuel system materials (tanks, pipes, seals, pumps, filters). Refer to engine manufacturer guidelines.
      2. ii. Fuel Compatibility: Assess compatibility with existing fuel onboard – carry out spot test if necessary. VLSFO Grade not to be mixed.

   4. d. Pre-Bunkering Meeting: Conduct a meeting onboard with crew to appraise on bunker operations, and exchange information with the shore planning team:

      1. i. Fuel type and specifications.
      2. ii. Bunkering procedure and checklist.
      3. iii. Communication protocols and emergency stop procedures.
      4. iv. Sampling procedures and regulatory compliance.

2. Shore Bunker Fuel Team:

   1. a. Provide Comprehensive BDN: Include all necessary details (fuel type, grade, quantity, specifications, certifications).
   2. b. Supply Fuel Specification Sheet: Provide detailed biofuel specifications.
   3. c. Compatibility Information: Share information on material and fuel compatibility.
   4. d. Confirm Delivery Schedule: Communicate bunkering schedule, location, and delivery method.
   5. e. Regulatory Compliance: Ensure biofuel supply complies with FuelEU Maritime Regulation, IMO, and local port regulations.
   6. f. Assist with Fuel Test Certifications.

B. Safety & Security Checks

1. Ship & Shore (Joint Responsibility):

   1. a. Pre-Bunkering Safety Checklist: Cover:

      1. i. Communication systems testing (ship-shore).
      2. ii. Emergency stop procedures and testing.
      3. iii. Firefighting equipment readiness.
      4. iv. SOPEP/Spill containment equipment preparedness.
      5. v. No smoking/no hot work policy enforcement.
      6. vi. Security arrangements at the bunkering location.
   2. b. Mooring/Berthing Arrangements: Ensure safe and secure mooring/berthing.
   3. c. Access Control: Restrict access to the bunkering area to authorized personnel only.

2. Shore Bunker Fuel Team:

   1. a. Provide Comprehensive BDN: Include all necessary details (fuel type, grade, quantity, specifications, certifications).
   2. b. Supply Fuel Specification Sheet: Provide detailed biofuel specifications.
   3. c. Compatibility Information: Share information on material and fuel compatibility.
   4. d. Confirm Delivery Schedule: Communicate bunkering schedule, location, and delivery method.
   5. e. Regulatory Compliance: Ensure biofuel supply complies with FuelEU Maritime Regulation, IMO, and local port regulations.
   6. f. Assist with Fuel Test Certifications.

C. Tank Preparation Before Bunkering

1. Tank Cleaning (Preferred Method):

   1. a. Why Tank Cleaning is Preferred:

      1. i. Removes sludge, sediments, and residues from previous fuels.
      2. ii. Prevents contamination and microbial growth, especially for FAME biofuels.

   2. b. Steps for Tank Cleaning:

      1. i. Drain the Tank: Completely drain the tank of any remaining fuel.
      2. ii. Remove Sludge and Sediments: Manually or mechanically remove any sludge or sediments from the tank.
      3. iii. Wash the Tank: Use a suitable cleaning agent or detergent to wash the tank walls and bottom. Ensure all residues are removed.
      4. iv. Inspect the Tank: After cleaning, inspect the tank for any remaining residues or contaminants.
      5. v. Dry the Tank: Ensure the tank is completely dry before bunkering biofuels to prevent water contamination.

2. Tank Flushing Using MGO (Alternative Method):

   1. a. When Tank Flushing with MGO is Acceptable:

      1. i. Fuel storage switching to Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil (HVO) or similar biofuels.
      2. ii. The tank is relatively clean and free from sludge or sediments.
      3. iii. Time constraints prevent full tank cleaning.

   2. b. Steps for Tank Flushing with MGO:

      1. i. Drain the Tank: Completely drain the tank of any remaining fuel.
      2. ii. Flush with MGO: Fill the tank with the minimum required quantity of MGO (dependent on tank volume, pipe dimensions) and circulate the fuel through the fuel system to flush out any residues. Ensure the MGO circulates through all pipes, pumps, and filters.
      3. iii. Drain the MGO: After flushing, drain the MGO from the tank. The circulated MGO fuel can be consumed as downgraded to 0.5% Sulphur.
      4. iv. Inspect the Tank: Inspect the tank to ensure no residues remain. If significant residues are found, repeat the flushing process or consider full tank cleaning.
      5. v. Bunker Biofuel: Once the tank is clean and free from residues, proceed with bunkering the biofuel.

3. Key Considerations for Tank Preparation:

   1. a. Biofuel Type: Tank cleaning is recommended for FAME (B20/B30) due to its sensitivity to contamination. For HVO, flushing with MGO may be acceptable if the tank is in good condition. The ownership of the decision lies with the respective vessel charterer/owners.
   2. b. Tank Condition: If the tank has a history of sludge buildup or contamination, tank cleaning is the only safe option.
   3. c. Risk of Contamination: Biofuels are more sensitive to contamination from residues, water, and microbial growth. Ensure the tank is thoroughly prepared to minimize these risks.
   4. d. Regulatory and Manufacturer Guidelines: Always follow the engine manufacturer’s guidelines and relevant regulations (e.g., MARPOL Annex VI, FuelEU Maritime Regulation) for tank preparation.

D. Equipment & System Preparation

1. Ship (Chief Engineer & Deck Officers):

   1. a. Prepare Receiving Tanks: Ensure tanks are cleaned, gauged, and ready for biofuel.
   2. b. Fuel System Alignment: Align the ship’s fuel system for receiving biofuel.
   3. c. Calibration of Gauging Systems: Verify the accuracy of tank gauging systems, test tank overflow alarms.
   4. d. Inspect Bunkering Manifold & Hoses: Check for integrity and cleanliness.
   5. e. Drip Trays and Spill Containment: Ensure spill containment measures are in place.
   6. f. Sampling Equipment Ready: Prepare clean sample bottles, labels, etc.

A. Communication & Monitoring

1. Continuous Communication: Maintain constant communication between ship and shore using agreed protocols (e.g., VHF radio, designated contact persons).
2. Monitoring Bunkering Rate & Pressure: Closely monitor bunkering rate and pressure to avoid over-pressurization and spills.
3. Tank Level Monitoring: Continuously monitor receiving tank levels to prevent overfilling.
4. Vigilance for Leaks & Spills: Maintain constant visual monitoring for leaks or spills at all connection points.

B. Fuel Transfer Procedure

1. Slow Start: Begin bunkering at a slow rate to check for leaks and proper system operation.
2. Gradual Increase in Rate: Increase the bunkering rate gradually once the system is stable.
3. Regular Checks: Conduct periodic checks for leaks, pressure fluctuations, and tank levels.
4. Tank Switching Procedure: If switching tanks, ensure a controlled and communicated procedure.
5. Line Clearing Procedure: Clear bunkering lines after transfer to minimize residual fuel.

C. Sampling & Quantity Verification

1. Sampling at Commencement, Mid-Point, and Completion: Take representative samples at agreed intervals.
2. Proper Sampling Procedure: Follow standardized sampling procedures.
3. Sample Labeling & Sealing: Label and seal samples with relevant details (ship name, date, time, location, BDN reference).
4. Sample Retention: Retain samples as per regulatory requirements.
5. Meter Readings & Quantity Confirmation: Record and compare meter readings from ship and shore.
6. Bunker Delivery Note (BDN) Sign-off: Sign and exchange BDN copies once quantity is verified.

D. Emergency Stop Procedure

1. Clearly Defined Emergency Stop Signals: Establish clear emergency stop signals.
2. Immediate Stop on Emergency Signal: All parties must be trained to initiate an emergency stop.
3. Procedure for Restarting: Define a procedure for investigating the cause and safely resuming bunkering.

A. Disconnection & Securing

1. Controlled Disconnection: Follow a controlled procedure for disconnecting hoses and manifolds.
2. Draining Hoses: Drain hoses back to the delivery system or receiving tank.
3. Blank Flanging & Securing Manifolds: Blank flange ship and shore manifolds securely.
4. Clean Up Spills Immediately: Clean up any minor spills using absorbent materials.

B. Documentation & Record Keeping

1. Final BDN Completion and Distribution: Finalize and distribute BDN copies to all relevant parties.
2. Logbook Entries: Record all relevant details in the ship’s logbooks.
3. Sample Analysis: Arrange for laboratory analysis of retained samples as required.
4. Filing and Archiving of Records: Properly file and archive all bunkering documentation.

C. Post-Bunkering Checks & Reporting

1. Ship Fuel System Checks: Check the ship’s fuel system for leaks or abnormalities.
2. Shore Equipment Inspection: Inspect shore delivery equipment after bunkering.
3. Debriefing & Lessons Learned: Conduct a debriefing meeting to discuss the operation and identify areas for improvement.
4. Incident Reporting: Report any spills, incidents, or near misses according to company procedures.

1. Ship & Shore Personnel Training: Ensure all personnel receive training on:

   1. a. Biofuel characteristics and handling.
   2. b. Safety procedures and emergency response.
   3. c. Communication protocols.
   4. d. Sampling procedures.
   5. e. Regulatory requirements (e.g., FuelEU Maritime Regulation).
2. Regular Drills & Exercises: Conduct regular SOPEP drills to practice emergency procedures in case of oil spill.
3. Competency Assessment: Periodically assess the competency of personnel involved in biofuel bunkering.

1. Spill Prevention & Containment: Emphasize spill prevention throughout the SOP. Ensure adequate spill containment equipment is available.
2. Waste Management: Establish procedures for proper disposal of waste generated during bunkering.
3. Compliance with Environmental Regulations: Ensure compliance with FuelEU Maritime Regulation, MARPOL Annex VI, and local port requirements.

1. Regular SOP Review: Review and update the SOP annually or as needed. Gather feedback from ship and shore personnel to identify areas for improvement & Incorporate lessons learned from past operations.

1. GHG Reduction Targets: Ensure the biofuel used meets the GHG reduction targets set by FuelEU & Verify that the biofuel complies with sustainability criteria.
2. Documentation & Reporting: Maintain detailed records of biofuel usage, GHG emissions, and compliance with FuelEU requirements.

1. Straight Vegetable Oil (SVO)

   • Not Recommended for Use: SVO has a higher viscosity and pour point, and it contains a lot of impurities. These properties make it unsuitable for direct use in marine engines without significant modifications to the fuel system and engine.
   • Precautions: Avoid using SVO unless the engine and fuel system are specifically designed to handle its properties.

2. Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME)

   • Commonly Used as B20/B30: FAME is typically blended with diesel fuel at ratios of 20% (B20) or 30% (B30). The properties of FAME can vary depending on the feedstock and production process.
   • Precautions:
   • Material Compatibility: Ensure that all materials in the fuel system (tanks, pipes, seals, pumps, filters) are compatible with FAME.
   • Oxidation Stability: FAME is prone to oxidation, which can lead to the formation of deposits and sludge. Regularly monitor and clean the fuel system.
   • Water Content: FAME has a higher affinity for water, which can lead to microbial growth and corrosion. Ensure proper water separation and drainage.
   • Cold Flow Properties: FAME has poor cold flow properties, which can lead to filter clogging in cold temperatures. Use appropriate heating and filtration systems.
   • Blending Ratios: When blending FAME with conventional fuels, ensure the blending ratio is within safe limits (e.g., B20 or B30). Monitor the mixture for any signs of incompatibility.

3. Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil (HVO)

   • Similar Properties to MGO: HVO has fuel properties similar to Marine Gas Oil (MGO), making it a more suitable drop-in replacement for conventional marine fuels.
   • Precautions:
   • Material Compatibility: Although HVO is more compatible with existing fuel systems, ensure that all materials (e.g., seals, gaskets) are compatible with HVO.
   • Cold Flow Properties: HVO has excellent cold flow properties, but it is still important to monitor and maintain the fuel system in cold conditions.
   • Storage Stability: HVO has better oxidation stability compared to FAME, but it is still important to monitor the fuel system for any signs of degradation.

When a vessel is storing multiple grades of fuel (e.g., biofuel and conventional fuel), a systematic implementation plan must be followed to ensure a smooth and safe transition between fuels. Below is a step-by-step guide for fuel changeover:

1. Pre-Changeover Preparation

   • Review Fuel Compatibility: Ensure that the biofuel is compatible with the existing fuel in the tanks. If blending is required, define the safe blending ratio and procedure.
   • Tank Selection: Select the appropriate tank for biofuel storage. Ensure the tank is clean and free from sludge or residues from previous fuels.
   • Fuel System Alignment: Align the fuel system to ensure that the biofuel is directed to the correct tank and that the system is ready for the changeover.
   • Heating and Viscosity Control: If the biofuel has a higher viscosity or pour point, ensure that the tank heating system is operational to maintain the fuel at the correct temperature.

2. Changeover Procedure

   • Slow Transition: Begin the changeover process by gradually introducing the biofuel into the system. Start with a low flow rate to monitor the system's response.
   • Monitor Parameters: Continuously monitor key parameters such as fuel viscosity, temperature, and pressure during the changeover. Adjust the heating and flow rates as necessary.
   • Blending (if required): If blending biofuel with existing fuel, ensure that the blending ratio is maintained within safe limits. Monitor the mixture for any signs of incompatibility (e.g., sludge formation, filter clogging).
   • System Flushing: If switching from conventional fuel to biofuel, consider flushing the fuel lines and filters to remove any residues from the previous fuel.

3. Post-Changeover Checks

   • System Inspection: After the changeover, inspect the fuel system for any leaks, pressure drops, or abnormal behavior.
   • Filter Monitoring: Monitor fuel filters for any signs of clogging or contamination. Replace filters if necessary.
   • Engine Performance: Monitor the engine's performance after the changeover. Check for any changes in power output, fuel consumption, or exhaust emissions.
   • Documentation: Record all relevant details of the changeover process, including the time, date, fuel quantities, and any observations or issues encountered.

4. Contingency Plan

   • Emergency Reversion: In case of any issues during the changeover (e.g., filter clogging, engine performance degradation), have a contingency plan to revert to the previous fuel type.
   • Spill Response: Ensure that spill response equipment is readily available in case of any fuel leaks or spills during the changeover.

1. General Precautions for Using Biofuels

   • Fuel Analysis Report: Before using biofuels, review the fuel analysis report to ensure parameters are within engine manufacturer recommendations.
   • Technical Guidelines: Review the engine manufacturer’s technical guidelines for using biofuels.
   • Fuel Quality: Use biofuels with stable quality and ensure they are produced according to recognized biofuel standards (e.g., EN 14214 for FAME).
   • Maintenance Intervals: After starting biofuel use, perform maintenance as per the planned maintenance system. For the first maintenance, it is recommended to reduce the interval to half of the standard period and gradually extend it based on the condition of engine components.
   • Monitoring Engine Components: Closely monitor the condition of fuel injection nozzles, combustion chambers, filters, and the overall fuel system. Pay attention to changes in temperature, pressure, and fuel system conditions.
   • Material Compatibility: Avoid using NBR (Nitrile Rubber) for gaskets and seals in the fuel system, as biofuels can degrade NBR. Use FKM (Fluorinated Rubber) instead. Most modern engines use FKM for internal piping, but external piping should also be checked and upgraded if necessary.
   • Tank Cleaning: Clean fuel tanks before bunkering biofuels, especially when switching from conventional fuels to biofuels, to avoid contamination and sludge formation.
   • Avoid Long-Term Storage: Biofuels, particularly FAME, are prone to oxidation and microbial growth. Avoid long-term storage and use the fuel within a reasonable timeframe.
   • Consultation: If there are any doubts or questions about using biofuels, consult the engine manufacturer or technical experts for guidance.
   • Take in consideration of usage of dosing appropriate chemicals to avoid bio fuel oxidation in case of prolonged storage.

2. Specific Precautions for FAME (B20/B30)

   • Oxidation Stability: FAME is prone to oxidation, which can lead to the formation of deposits and sludge. Regularly monitor and clean the fuel system to prevent clogging and corrosion.
   • Water Content: FAME has a higher affinity for water, which can lead to microbial growth and corrosion. Ensure proper water separation and drainage in the fuel system.
   • Cold Flow Properties: FAME has poor cold flow properties, which can lead to filter clogging in cold temperatures. Use appropriate heating and filtration systems to maintain fuel flow.
   • Blending Ratios: When blending FAME with conventional fuels, ensure the blending ratio is within safe limits (e.g., B20 or B30). Monitor the mixture for any signs of incompatibility.

3. Specific Precautions for HVO

   • Material Compatibility: Although HVO is more compatible with existing fuel systems, ensure that all materials (e.g., seals, gaskets) are compatible with HVO.
   • Cold Flow Properties: HVO has excellent cold flow properties, but it is still important to monitor and maintain the fuel system in cold conditions.
   • Storage Stability: HVO has better oxidation stability compared to FAME, but it is still important to monitor the fuel system for any signs of degradation.

1. Mitsui-MAN B&W Diesel Engines

   • Fuel Properties Check: Before using biofuels, conduct a detailed fuel analysis, including:
   • General Analysis: Oxidative stability, WAX content, HFRR lubricity.
   • GC-MS CRA Analysis: Aromatic component analysis.
   • Mixing/Storage Stability Analysis: Long-term storability and stability.
   • TAN/SAN Analysis: Total Acid Number and Strong Acid Number.
   • Combustion Test: FIA (Fuel Ignition Analysis) test.
   • FAME Content: The FAME content should be less than 7% in accordance with ISO 8217 (2017). Higher FAME content can accelerate fuel oxidation, especially during long-term storage or fuel switching.
   • Low Sulphur Content: Biofuels typically have low sulphur content. Follow the guidance in SN202 (Rev.1) for low sulphur fuels. Ensure the kinematic viscosity at the engine inlet is above 2 cSt, especially during fuel changeover.
   • Impurities: Biofuels may contain impurities from feedstock. Use fine filters and conduct a preliminary affinity test (spot check) for fuels that may come into contact with biofuels.
   • NOx Emissions: For biofuel blends below 30%, NOx emissions do not need to be measured and verified. For blends above 30%, NOx emissions must be measured and verified unless there are no changes in engine components or settings as defined in the NOx Technical File. On-board NOx measurements can be conducted by the manufacturer at an additional cost.
   • Trial Operation: After confirming fuel properties, conduct a trial operation in a safe area and inspect the exhaust and fuel systems at the earliest opportunity.

2. Daihatsu Diesel Engines

   • Fuel Analysis Report: Provide a fuel analysis report to Daihatsu Diesel for review before using biofuels. The manufacturer will provide specific advice on how to use the fuel based on its properties.
   • Technical Guidelines: Follow Daihatsu Diesel’s Technical Information No. GS19-001C for fuel compliance with 2020 standards.
   • Maintenance Intervals: After starting biofuel use, perform maintenance earlier than usual. For the first maintenance, reduce the interval to half of the standard period and gradually extend it based on the condition of engine components.
   • Material Compatibility: Avoid using NBR (Nitrile Rubber) for gaskets and seals in the fuel system. Use FKM (Fluorinated Rubber) instead.
   • Tank Cleaning: Clean fuel tanks before bunkering biofuels to avoid contamination and sludge formation.
   • Avoid Long-Term Storage: Biofuels, particularly FAME, are prone to oxidation and microbial growth. Avoid long-term storage and use the fuel within a reasonable timeframe.

When biofuels are used in Mitsui-MAN B&W diesel engines for the purpose of GHG reduction measures, the following points must be carefully considered:

1. Check Fuel Properties

   • Detailed Fuel Analysis: Conduct a detailed fuel analysis, including the following items:
   • General Analysis: Oxidative stability, WAX content, HFRR lubricity.
   • GC-MS CRA Analysis: Aromatic component analysis.
   • Mixing/Storage Stability Analysis: Long-term storability and stability.
   • TAN/SAN Analysis: Total Acid Number and Strong Acid Number.
   • Combustion Test: FIA (Fuel Ignition Analysis) test.
   • Consultation: The results of the fuel analysis must be disclosed to Mitsui-MAN B&W, and their consultation must be sought to confirm whether the fuel can be used.

2. Countermeasure for Low Sulphur Content

   • Low Sulphur Fuels Guidance: Biofuels typically have low sulphur content. Follow the guidance detailed in SN202 (Rev.1) for the use of low sulphur fuels.
   • Kinematic Viscosity: Ensure that the kinematic viscosity of the fuel at the engine inlet is above 2 cSt, especially during fuel changeover.

3. Countermeasure for Impurities

   • Impurities in Biofuels: Biofuels may contain high levels of impurities from the feedstock. Take care to avoid filter blockages by using fine filters.
   • Preliminary Affinity Test: Conduct a preliminary affinity test (spot check) on fuels that may come into contact with biofuels.

4. Impact on NOx Emissions

   • NOx Emissions Measurement: As a result of deliberations at MEPC 78, NOx emissions do not need to be measured and verified in the following cases:
   • Biofuel blends below 30%.
   • Biofuel blends above 30% but with no change in components and settings as defined in the NOx Technical File.
   • On-Board NOx Measurements: In other cases, NOx emissions must be measured and verified. Mitsui-MAN B&W can carry out on-board NOx measurements, but this work will be charged at an additional cost.

5. Trial Operation and Inspection

   • Trial Test: If the detailed analysis confirms that there are no problems with the fuel properties, conduct a trial test in a safe area.
   • Inspection of Exhaust and Fuel Systems: Inspect the exhaust and fuel systems at the earliest possible stage after the trial operation.

As the maritime sector accelerates towards sustainability and decarbonization, biofuels like those derived from Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL) are increasingly considered for transitional use. However, some early cases of engine damage due the use of CNSL have been circulated in industry media. While this is a concern to be aware of, it is important to note that the technology surrounding the CNSL extraction is still under development. This document provides comprehensive guidance on integrating CNSL-based biofuels, highlighting both the opportunities and challenges.